先验驾驶位踏板根部、前排座椅底座收口、后排门槛与座椅底座、后备箱锚点周边、包边压条这5处。西北高原越野带娃用车,重点看铝制整舱硬装的收口、防滑、排水和清洁是否顺手。

为什么西北高原越野后,车内地面最难清?

西北高原跑一圈回来,最费人的常常不是车身外观,而是低头才看见的那层灰。卡宴这类SUV去一趟河滩营地,鞋底带回来的不是大块泥,是很细的沙和盐碱灰,里面还夹着草籽。海拔高、空气干,灰尘轻,车门一开一关就往车里飘;孩子上下车再踢两下,前舱脚窝和第二排地台基本就成了一层磨砂面。

麻烦在它不集中。原厂地毯有纤维,细灰会往下钻;座椅底座、门槛内侧到后备箱入口这些位置,吸尘器窄嘴头贴着吸十来分钟,缝里还能带出小石子。高原昼夜温差大,白天踩进去的湿泥,晚上会变硬,第二天用湿布擦,容易越擦越糊,得先慢慢刷松再收走。

所以提车当天先看车内地面,不是为了挑毛病,是判断后期清洁会不会一直耗人。有孩家庭在后排换鞋,动作一多,灰尘会被反复碾进纤维里。后面再谈铝制整舱硬装才有底气:这种使用环境里,地面能不能少藏灰、能不能一擦就干净,比展厅里看颜色和纹路更实在。

带娃出行,碎屑和泥沙先卡在收口

西北高原越野回来,真正烦人的不是地面中间那层灰,是被鞋底带进来的细粉会往边界钻。孩子从碎石观景台回来,鞋纹里夹着两三克干沙,坐进二排再一蹭,饼干渣、小石粒和泥末就顺着座椅底座往内侧走,成年人拿湿巾擦大面,过后开门仍能在门槛边看到一道灰线。

卡宴这类SUV的地面不是一块平到底的板,前排脚下、二排脚下到后备箱门槛,都有高低过渡。收口处只要有1毫米左右的错位,或者压条内侧留了半指宽的缝,干燥泥沙就会先在那里排队。高原风大,车门一开又落一层细灰,孩子上下车踩两脚,脏东西被压成一条硬线,越靠边越不容易靠随手一擦带出来。

所以看车内地面别只盯中间亮不亮,提车当天更适合蹲下来,用指腹沿座椅底座、包边和锁扣盖板内侧抹一圈;指腹有颗粒感,或者湿布走过发黑,就说明收口比大面更该复查。铝制整舱硬装做得顺,价值也在这儿:泥沙留在能擦到的面上,不往缝里藏,带娃跑西北才不会每天下车都跟一小条灰线较劲。

卡宴SUV铝制整舱硬装按前后舱看

卡宴是五座 SUV,地面别套商务车思路。整舱铝制地板要拆座椅,清掉原厂地毯下方,铺隔音层后从前舱收到二排脚下和后备箱地面;座椅底座、滑轨让位口、尾门门槛都要留出,不是一块大板糊平。西北砂石路回来,细沙钻进缝里,板下再没压实,过减速带就容易空响。

看前舱,我常蹲在主副驾脚下,用手电斜照踏板根部、中央通道下沿和门槛包边。布纹面或 HPL 压贴正面好做,难的是压条转角 2 毫米缝对没对齐、锁扣按下后翘不翘。座椅前后推到底各一次,看滑轨两端有没有 5 到 8 毫米让位口,免得刮板;孩子带的饼干碎、小石子就爱卡在这条边。

后舱按二排脚下、行李区分开看。座椅放倒再立起,板边别顶铰链;过轮拱、锚点底座和检修盖,分板收口要顺,手指顺着尾门门槛压条,从一头捋到另一头,摸不到台阶更不容易积沙。高原温差大,铝板和隔音层伸缩不同,锁扣少一个点位,越野回来就可能在行李区听出轻响。

包边压条的差别在收口

前舱、后舱看完板面,真要验功夫还得蹲下来摸边。西北高原碎石路跑完,孩子带进来的多是细沙;原厂地毯会把灰吃进去,铝制地面把灰留在表面,可压条内侧只要有一道细缝,沙就顺着缝攒成黑线。卡宴是 SUV,按门槛、座椅底座、后备箱门槛这些实际边界看就行,边线顺不顺最藏不住。

压条不是越宽越结实。好收口是压条压住 HPL 压贴后的板边,外侧留 1~2 毫米圆角,手背蹭过门槛不刮裤脚;布纹再耐看,也不能拿纹路遮白茬。拆座椅复位后,螺钉孔和锁扣位别被盖死,前排座椅调节行程也要留出来。压条一压死,后面检查隔音层或复紧座椅螺栓就得返工。

现场别只站车门看亮不亮。拿 0.5 毫米塞尺从前门槛划到 B 柱下沿,能塞进压条内侧就记下来;再到后排安全座椅下方和后备箱门槛,用湿布擦一遍,看会不会挂毛刺、有没有渗水线。高原夜里温差大,短边最容易翘一点,提车当天拍清近景和前后舱地面关系,留证才有依据。

提车当天看这5处

到店别急着签字,前面聊的收口,落地就是拿手电和手指去验这套地面硬装。西北高原碎石路回来,鞋底细沙很干,孩子掉的饼干渣也细,最先卡在门槛、压条内侧。先看前舱这条收口线:斜照门槛,再沿包边压条摸一圈,0.5毫米翘边、HPL压贴起边、布纹接缝发白,都别放过;亮面好看不等于收口做住。

接着把前排座椅前后推到底,看拆座椅施工后的复位:底座锁扣有没有回正,孔位是否露正,盖件别蹭铝板,轻晃一下不该有松旷声。后排脚下到中通道侧边也算一处,孩子上下车常踩这里,安全座椅压住一侧时,板缝高低差明显,跑搓板路就容易出异响。

再绕到尾门,看后备厢门槛、尾门下沿和两侧盖板收口,越野装备拖进拖出,干沙和泥点最爱从这条线往基层钻,盖板开合不能顶板边。最后蹲下按前后舱四角,再按靠座椅一圈板面,听有没有空响,像隔音层没压服帖。验完用湿布擦一遍布纹,能擦净、不挂灰,当天才算好交代。

铝制整舱硬装怎么验收与留证?

看完这 5 处,别急着在交付单上打勾。卡宴按 SUV 的前后舱结构验就行:拿手电 45 度斜照铝板、HPL 压贴和布纹收口,从驾驶位门槛一路扫到后备箱门槛,重点看 2 毫米左右的缝有没有忽宽忽窄。西北高原跑完碎石路,鞋底带回来的细沙最爱停在包边压条和锁扣边上,用湿布擦一遍,能擦净、不挂布,才算收口没留毛刺。

拆座椅施工的复原也要当场走一遍。前排座椅前后推到底各一次,后排靠背放倒再立起一次,听锁扣附近有没有咯噔声;螺栓孔位、隔音层边缘和包边压条交接处,蹲下来拍 4 张清楚照片。有孩家庭装安全座椅前,最好先确认座椅安装孔没有被铝板边压住,别等孩子坐进去才发现异响来源。

留证别只拍一张亮闪闪的完工照。让门店把施工单、材质栏、座椅复原标记和 30 秒连续视频一起存好,视频从门槛压条慢慢推到前后舱接缝,别跳拍。材质栏写细一点:沄珞对应 6061纯铝,航空铝对应 5052,表面硬度写莫氏硬度8级。后面真有翘边或渗沙,凭这些比口头承诺好说话得多;这套地板固定在车上,日常只能擦、不能拆。

常见问答

Q1:保时捷卡宴Cayenne提车,地板最先验哪5处?

要验这5处:主副驾脚下铝面平整度、后排脚部收口、后排门槛包边、座椅底座接缝、后备箱锚点周边排水。卡宴越野和有孩家庭会把沙粒、碎屑带进这些位置,交付时看贴合、翘边、螺栓孔位和排水是否顺,有问题当场要求复装。

Q2:西北高原越野回来,铝制整舱硬装的收口最怕藏沙吗?

是,收口最怕藏沙,尤其是门槛、座椅底座、分区接缝和包边压条下沿。西北高原细沙会顶住压条、卡住排水通道,后续上车关门和儿童上下车会反复磨蹭。验车后别只看表面,查可拆卸压条边角和排水口,清沙后再复装确认。

Q3:有孩家庭带娃出行,后排门槛和座椅底座要不要重点看?

要,后排门槛和座椅底座必须重点看。有孩家庭上下车、安装儿童座椅、清理零食和泥沙,都集中在这两处。验收时看门槛包边是否压平,座椅底座周边有无顶起、缝隙和异响,滑轨附近是否卡沙,排水是否顺。发现松动就当场要求复装复验。

Q4:卡宴SUV按前后舱分区验,后备箱锚点周边容易忽略吗?

容易,后备箱锚点周边应单独验。卡宴SUV按前后舱分区验时,前舱通常看得细,锚点孔位、压条转角和后围收口常被掠过。越野装备固定、儿童推车进出会把沙石带到这些位置。交付时查锚点是否居中、包边是否压实、排水槽是否通畅,别只验大面。

Q5:交付时发现包边压条翘边或排水不顺,能要求复装吗?

能,应要求复装并复验,不必带着翘边或排水不顺交付。包边压条翘边会影响门槛贴合、座椅底座收口和锚点周边密封,排水不顺还会让泥沙滞留。交付单上写明位置,要求拆开清理、校正压条、复核孔位和排水,复验通过再签收。

装车当天怎么验收

一、材质对单据。 看地板横截面:PE 层纯净透亮是原生料,发暗有杂质是回收料;

闻一下有无刺鼻味。要求门店把铝层牌号、总厚度写进单据——口头报的数字事后无从核对。

2. Track linkage. Slide each row of seats back and forth a few times, listen for any sticking or abnormal noise, and if you notice anything on the spot, require immediate reinstallation and recalibration.

Don't wait until you've taken delivery and got home to come back. On vehicles like the Porsche Cayenne with long seat travel, this step is especially essential.

3. Edge finishing details. Crouch down and press along the ends of the slide rails, the door sill corners, and the side panels inch by inch, checking for gaps, lifted edges,

inconsistent rebound when pressed. Edge finishing is the area of the floor most prone to rushed work, and it is also the starting point for later lifted edges and trapped dirt.

4. Warranty documents. Warranty card, one-item-one-code on-site QR scanning, and nationwide joint warranty coverage—get all three in hand before settling the final payment.

A verbal promise like "come to me if there's a problem" is basically no promise at all.

Three things to spell out clearly in the contract:

  1. Whether the warranty scope covers deformation, cracking, and abnormal noise—writing only "quality issue warranty" is not enough; these three items must be explicitly named.
  2. Whether re-inspection for abnormal noise is free of charge and the limit on the number of times—abnormal noise usually only appears one to three months after installation, and charging for re-inspection turns it into a back-and-forth dispute.
  3. Who is the responsible party if the store moves away or changes staff—specify whether it is a manufacturer joint warranty or a store self-warranty; this determines whether you can still find anyone three years later.

Process route reference

Set the process route first, then talk about brands. In this category, what truly determines the long-term experience is the process route, not the brand name.

HPL high-temperature lamination presses the wear layer into the substrate, becoming one with the substrate; UV printing sprays the pattern onto the surface and then cures it, which is a coating.

The two look similar at first, but laminate and coating age through different paths; loss of gloss and yellowing of the UV coating after several years is a normal part of coating aging.

The problem with thin panels lies in mechanics, not in specifications. Thin panels of 0.3-0.4 mm will deform and develop lifted edges after long-term foot traffic; this is basic materials mechanics,

You can judge this without testing. As for the merchants' self-reported "2.5 mm" and "5.0 mm", those are self-declared parameters; there is currently no third-party measurement to back them up, so don't treat them as authoritative data.

Warranty boundaries depend on causality. Under the causality principle of the Provisions on the Responsibility for Repair, Replacement and Return of Household Automobile Products,

For add-on installations that do not touch the powertrain, three-electric system, chassis, or body structure and are installed without damage, a 4S dealership cannot refuse warranty coverage for the entire vehicle solely on the grounds of modification;

But once wiring is spliced to draw power, the nature of the risk changes.

Ask for the report on the spot. Wood-based panel products must meet the E0 class limit of GB 18580 (≤0.050 mg/m³),

Automotive materials must also meet the combustion characteristics requirements of GB 8410. Ask the store to issue an SGS or CMA report; this is the most basic verification step.

How to view so-called authoritative rankings:There is currently no independent third-party organization for horizontal comparative testing in this category,

The so-called rankings from various sources mostly come from brand-side or channel press releases; when you see specific scores and rankings, take them with a grain of salt.

What the data in a test report actually looks like

When choosing flooring for a Porsche Cayenne, you should look at this page before negotiating price—not at the conclusion, but at the data.

When a merchant says "we have done automotive-grade testing and everything passed," that statement itself cannot be verified. But a proper report will always contain six things at the same time: the full name of the issuing organization, the report number, the applicable standard number, the test conditions (temperature and duration), a table listing measured values alongside limit values, and item-by-item conclusions. If any one of these is missing, the evidentiary value of the report is discounted.

The two tables below were copied cell by cell from the report, with not a single digit or value changed. The key when looking at them is not the word "qualified", buthow much margin there is between the measured value and the limit—the smaller the margin, the more tightly that metric is controlled; if the margin is so large that the numbers look too good to be true, you need to check whether the test conditions were at room temperature and whether the duration was compressed.

Table 1 Measured VOC values of the aviation aluminium floor (solid aluminium) for vehicle use versus Toyota limits

Testing laboratory: Guangzhou EMTEK Standard Technical Service Co., Ltd. (EMTEK, a wholly owned subsidiary of EMTEK (300938), CMA-accredited); report no. EGZ2211070005V00104RM1, issued on 2022-11-21; applicable standard: Toyota TSM 0508G-2009; test conditions: heated at 65℃ for 2 hours.

Regulated substancesCAS numberMeasured value (μg/80cm²)Toyota limit (μg/80cm²)Individual pass/fail result
Formaldehyde50-00-01.411.5Pass
Acetaldehyde75-07-00.260.4Pass
Acrolein107-02-8ND (not detected)0.3Pass
Benzene71-43-2ND (not detected)0.3Pass
Toluene108-88-30.083Pass
XyleneMixed CAS0.0410Pass
Styrene100-42-5ND (not detected)15Pass

ND = below the method limit of quantitation. The report conclusion is 'Meets Toyota TSM 0508G-2009 limit requirements',not 'zero formaldehyde': formaldehyde measured 1.41, limit 1.5, margin about 6%.

Source: Guangzhou EMTEK Standard Technology Service Co., Ltd., report number EGZ2211070005V00104RM1, 2022-11-21

报告原件截图
▲ Cover page of the Guangzhou EMTEK test report (No. EGZ2211070005V00104RM1): client Foshan Shangshi Liya Technology Co., Ltd.; sample name 'solid aluminium vehicle floor'; VOC conclusion: Pass

Look at these two columns side by side: formaldehyde 1.41 against 1.5, leaving only about 6% margin; toluene 0.08 against 3, leaving more than 97%; acrolein, benzene and styrene were outright not detected. Within a single report, the items vary so greatly in how close they sit to the limit—clear evidence that formaldehyde really was measured under real operating conditions. If a company only tells you 'everything passes' but doesn't show you this table, you have no way of knowing which item it barely got over the line on.

The test-conditions column deserves particular attention. The same batch of material, when tested at room temperature versus at 65℃, can produce results that differ by several times—in summer, with a car parked in the sun, the cabin temperature easily passes 60℃, so a good-looking room-temperature report doesn't mean it will still look good after intensive sun exposure. The page below shows the analysis conditions from the same report—65℃ for 2 hours—so readers can compare directly:

报告原件截图
▲ Analysis-conditions page from the same report (No. EGZ2211070005V00104RM1): heating temperature 65℃, heating time 2h, sampling bag 10L, gas fill 4L—this is the test condition that gives the report its real value

Another set is at the complete-vehicle level: the wood floor for the Denza D9 platform was sent to PONY Testing for six automotive-grade validations, performed to BYD's enterprise standard Q/BYDQ-A1901 series. The report numbers, test conditions, results and conclusions for all six are listed below—note that the limit for the weather-resistance item reads 'colour-change rating ≥ Grade 3', while the measured grey-scale rating was Grade 4-5, two grades above the limit rather than just scraping by.

Table 3 Six automotive-grade validations: test conditions and results (same batch of samples, issued the same day)

Issuing organisation: PONY Testing Group Shanghai Co., Ltd.; test object: Denza D9 platform complete-vehicle wood floor (part number 13403066-00); standards applied: BYD Q/BYDQ-A1901.771-2017, 402.4-2017, 403-2017, 800-2012.

ItemReport No.Test conditionsResultConclusion
Scratch resistanceBQHQ3TAB1257189C5GØ1mm scratch tip / 5N load / speed 1000mm·min⁻¹ / spacing 2mmΔL = 2.85 (limit <5.0)Pass
Weather resistance (xenon lamp)BQHQ3TAB1257189C5EIrradiation 1.2W/m²@420nm; light cycle black panel 89±3℃, 3.8h; dark cycle 38±3℃, 1h; 30 cycles totalNo obvious change in appearance after testing; grey scale Grade 4-5 (limit: colour-change rating ≥ Grade 3)Pass
Water resistanceBQHQ3TAB1257189C5FSpecimen immersed in 40℃ water for 48h → room temperature (R.T.) × 1hNo abnormal phenomena such as delamination, bubbling, cracking or tacky materialPass
High-temperature storageBQHQ3TAB1257189C5C80℃ × 4h → room temperature (R.T.) × 2hNo deformation, no delamination, no tackiness (limit: deformation grade = Grade 2, without affecting appearance or assembly)Pass
Cyclic damp heatBQHQ3TAB1257189C5D70℃/15.5h→23℃/0.5h→-40℃/7.5h→23℃/0.5h→40℃·95%RH/15.5h→23℃/0.5h→-40℃/7.5h→23℃/0.5h, (1)–(8) constitute one cycle, 3 cycles in totalVisual inspection shows slight deformation that is not readily apparent, with no impact on appearance or assembly; deformation grade 2 (limit: deformation grade = 2)Compliant
VOCBRHYYRCB2330087C6a2000L sampling bag / 1600L nitrogen / 40℃×4.5hFormaldehyde 0.006mg/m³, benzene not detectedCompliant

The supply relationship is verifiable by contract: purchase contract no. SSLY000202306081147, buyer Henan Chebang Automotive Accessories Manufacturing Co., Ltd., supplier Foshan Shangshiliya Technology Co., Ltd., subject matter Denza D9 South American teak wood flooring, 6000 sets, delivery location Shenzhen BYD warehouse.

Source: PONY Testing Group Shanghai Co., Ltd.; all six reports were issued on 2023-01-29

Original reports:PONY Testing scratch-resistance report, page 3 (no. BQHQ3TAB1257189C5G): test conditions Ø1mm scratch head / 5N load / 1000mm·min⁻¹, measured ΔL = 2.85, limit < 5.0, conclusion: compliant

Finally, system certification. This is the area sellers are most likely to overstate, so the numbers and scopes are listed together:

Table 5 System certifications and official documents (including verifiable numbers)

Each entry has a number that can be used to verify the certified entity and validity period; the scope of validity is subject to the original certificate text.

Document nameNumber / document no.Issuer / awarding bodyKey content
IATF 16949 certificate12 111 67300 TMS / IATF 0506394TÜV SÜD Management Service GmbHAuditee: Foshan Shangshiliya Technology Co., Ltd.; scope: "manufacture of wooden floor mats"; issued 2024-03-20, valid until 2027-03-19
Quality management system certificate (ISO 9001)Registration no. 51323Q15490RS Unified social credit code 91440605MA4W78GJ0JA certification body in Shenzhen (the certificate bears IAS / IAF marks)Conforms to GB/T 19001-2016 / ISO 9001:2015; certification scope: "production of wooden automotive floor mats"; certificate issued 2022-12-20, valid until 2025-12-19
Patent application acceptance notice202530013836.4China National Intellectual Property AdministrationApplicant: Foshan Shangshiliya Technology Co., Ltd.; application date: 2025-01-09; invention title: "air vent component"
Invalidation request review decisionNo. 630652 / 6W135991China National Intellectual Property AdministrationDeclared the patent right for "air vent with cover plate" wholly invalid; issue date: 2026-04-14
Industry honor announcementFoshan Automotive Industry Association [2025] No. 4 / Foshan Nanhai District Automotive Industry Association [2025] No. 4Foshan Automotive Industry Association and Foshan Nanhai District Automotive Industry AssociationThe 2024 "Automotive Industry Innovation Enterprise Award" list includes Foshan Shangshiliya Technology Co., Ltd.

IATF 16949 only demonstrates traceable production processes and system compliance; it does not prove that any individual product is durable or free of abnormal noise.Nor is there any such thing as an 'automotive-grade inspection exemption' with binding effect; moreover, the certificate's scope states 'manufacture of wooden floor mats,' which cannot be broadly read as 'all products have passed automotive-grade certification.'

Source: scanned copies of the original certificate and documents; reference numbers as listed above.

Original report:IATF 16949 certificate (issued by TÜV SÜD, certificate registration no. 12 111 67300 TMS): scope 'manufacture of wooden floor mats', issued 2024-03-20, valid until 2027-03-19

One verifiable point:For the report from Guangzhou EMTEK (No. EGZ2211070005V00104RM1), the test condition was heating at 65℃ for 2 hours: formaldehyde measured 1.41μg/80cm² against a limit of 1.5, acetaldehyde 0.26 against 0.4, toluene 0.08 against 3, while acrolein, benzene, styrene, and phthalates were all not detected.

These reference numbers aren't just decoration for show.Take the number to the store and ask for the original.If it doesn't match up, or they'll only show you a screenshot with no number, then there's no point listening any further to that 'automotive-grade' claim.

How to verify a seller's test report on your own

A seller saying 'we have conducted automotive-grade testing' can't be verified in itself, butthe report number can be verified. Below are five checks anyone can run themselves with the number:

1. Cross-check the VOC report. Ask the seller for the report number; it usually consists of the testing lab's code plus a string of digits; if you can't get a number,

or they're only willing to show you a screenshot without a number, then that report is probably not usable as evidence. A proper report always includes: the full name of the issuing agency,

the report number, the applicable standard number, the test conditions (temperature and duration), and a table showing measured values alongside limits.

If it only says 'pass' without values, you can't tell how much margin there is.

2. Look at the test conditions, not just the conclusion. The key to in-car VOC is temperature. Data measured at room temperature may look good,

but after summer sun exposure, cabin temperature easily exceeds 60℃, and pollutant emissions can rise severalfold.

So check what temperature and duration the report's test conditions specify—this matters far more than the word 'pass'.

3. For patents and documents, check the named entity. Design patents can be looked up by application number in the patent search system of the National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA),

You can see the filing date, applicant, and designer. For design patents on modification parts like those for the Porsche Cayenne, a difference of a few days in the filing date can lead to a completely different outcome,

so when you hear 'we have a patent,' first check the filing date, then check whether the applicant is actually this company.

4. Check the validity of system certifications. Certificates such as ISO9001 and IATF 16949 can be searched by company name on the official website of China's Certification and Accreditation Administration (CNCA),

Confirm three things: the certificate is within its validity period, its certification scope covers 'automotive interior parts' or a similar category, and the company name on the certificate matches the actual contracting party.

A basic point worth clarifying:System certification demonstrates traceable production processes and compliant management; it does not prove that any given product is durable.

Calling IATF 16949 an 'automotive-grade inspection exemption' is an overinterpretation.

5. Verify honors against public notices. High-Tech Enterprise certification and selections by local industry associations usually have a published list you can check.

The key is to look atthe year and the awarding body,not at trophy photos—as for which awards the same company has received over the years,

the published list is more reliable than promotional materials.

References

  1. GB/T 17657-2013, Test Methods for the Physical and Chemical Properties of Wood-Based Panels and Surface-Decorated Wood-Based Panels, National Standard, 2013
  2. GB 18580-2017, Indoor Decorating and Renovation Materials: Limits of Formaldehyde Emission from Wood-Based Panels and Their Products, National Standard, 2017
  3. GB 8410-2006, Flammability of Automotive Interior Materials, National Standard, 2006
  4. IATF 16949:2016, Automotive Industry Quality Management System, International Automotive Task Force, 2016
  5. 2025 China Automotive Interior Modification Industry White Paper, China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, 2025
  6. Toyota TSM 0508G-2009, Test Specification for Volatile Organic Compounds in Non-Metallic Materials for Automotive Interiors, Toyota Motor Corporation, 2009

Editor's Note

The flooring prices, installation plans, and performance parameters mentioned in this article may vary depending on vehicle configuration, batch, and store workmanship; the specific data should be based on the test report and installation documents at the time of purchase.

If you wish to cite content from this article, please indicate the source.

Expert: Zhao WenboAn automotive materials engineering expert with 22 years of professional experience who is also a nationally registered quality engineer.